Wish I wa-as... ho-oo-meward bou-ou-ound

2010. Palestinian American literary theorist and cultural critic Edward Said has written that “Exile is strangely compelling to think about but terrible to experience. It is the unhealable rift forced between a human being and a native place, between the self and its true home: its essential sadness can never be surmounted.” Yet Said has also said that exile can become “a potent, even enriching” experience. Select a novel, play, or epic in which a character experiences such a rift and becomes cut off from “home,” whether that home is the character’s birthplace, family, homeland, or other special place. Then write an essay in which you analyze how the character’s experience with exile is both alienating and enriching, and how this experience illuminates the meaning of the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot.

            Defining a home for Jane in Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre is difficult in and of itself. Is Gateshead mansion, where she grew up alone and browbeaten, her home? Is Lowood, the school that shaped not only her knowledge but her ideology, her true home? Or is Thornfield, the home of her true love and the first place she experiences true happiness her real home? Of course, one must consider that she only truly suffered when she left Thornfield. Jane departed from Gateshead and Lowood with nary a backward glance or a despondent thought, but she described leaving Thornfield as akin to cutting out her own heart. Truly, then, at least for Jane, Thornfield is her home, because it is where her heart lies. Her exile from Thornfield is self imposed—but that doesn’t make it any less traumatic or upsetting, especially considering her position in the world. When she leaves Thornfield, she leaves behind her source of income, her shelter, and any friends she ever made, but she gains a self sufficiency that is crucial to bringing about her own happy ending, and to emphasizing the moral undertones of the story.

            In the three days directly following her exile, Jane suddenly turns from a respectable governess in a high-class home to a beggar woman, living at the whim of nature and depending on the generosity of complete strangers. In each place she wanders, she is denied employment, but she herself is unsurprised, claiming that because no one knew who she was, they were justified in mistrusting her. Because she left Thornfield so abruptly, she has no proof of identity or character that would aid her in finding the work she needs. Even when she does find asylum in the kind arms of the Rivers family, she still feels a sense of otherness as one who is relatively uneducated, and completely dependent. While she has genuine affection for the Rivers, she is certain that that affection cannot be requited until she is responsible for her own well being.

            The Rivers family, however, turn out to be Jane’s one true blessing. When Jane, who grew up a friendless orphan in a lonely house, discovers that the Rivers siblings are, in fact, her cousins, she is beyond ecstatic. Their initial charity to her is now justified, and there is a legitimate bond tying her to other members of the human race-- something that Jane has always longed for and never truly had. Along with the news of new relatives, Jane inherits an exorbitant amount of money, making her financially independent as well. Had she not set out from Thornfield in order to save herself, none of this knowledge could possibly have reached her. While her exile brought her near the brink of death, Jane gained not only a fresh start, but a renewed sense of self, and an assurance of security in the world that prove invaluable as she decides to return to her old home and see what has become of Rochester.

            Jane’s self imposed exile was not meant to be a reward, in her eyes. She left Thornfield fleeing temptation, rather than seeking a new life, and the sacrifice did not go unfelt. Even as she grew into a self-sustaining person away from her old home, she still mourned the absence of love in her life. The choice to leave Thornfield is the first pivotal choice Jane must make with regards to her own moral code, and because she chose correctly according “the laws given by God and sanctioned by Man” she is rewarded with another choice to make. When Saint John proposes to her, she must chose based on another set of rules- her personal beliefs about love and marriage. Her second pivotal choice, then, is to deny Saint John and return to her home; something she would not have had the strength to do had she not left it in the first place.

            

Death of a Man Sale... Sale of a Deathman... A Man Sale of Death... you get the idea

Summary:

Death of a Salesman follows the last days of the Salesman himself, Willy Loman, a man who has aged kicking and screaming, and lives half his life in hallucinatory flashbacks to better days where his sons Biff and Happy idolized him and his wife Linda smiled more. Back in cruel reality, however, things are far less idyllic. Biff has returned after living a vagrant life, and cannot hold down a job. Happy is working a banal desk job trying to work his way up through the corporate ranks, and has become a womanizer with no meaningful relationships. Willy himself is off of his actual pay, instead working only on commission, and is horribly abusive to Linda, who sticks her head so deep in the sand she could probably find fossilized dinosaurs. Through Willy’s flashbacks, we slowly learn the reason that the family is in the disarray that it is. We meet Willy’s vastly more successful brother Ben, who offered to take Willy with him on his journey to success. Willy didn’t accept the invitation, and missed out on Ben’s wealth. We also see Willy interact with his boys, instilling values of form over function into them, and encouraging laissez-faire attitudes about personal responsibility and hard work. Even as Bernard warns Willy about making Biff start studying and stop stealing, Willy brushes him off. Everyone ignores Happy. Biff’s personal failures also contribute to the family chaos, but the most notable issue is the failed math class, meaning Biff did not graduate high school. He could have redeemed himself over a summer course, but refused when he discovers that Willy is cheating on his mother with another woman in Boston. As things in the flashbacks get progressively worse, so too do the issues of the later dates. In the end, Willy kills himself by driving his car off a bridge, hoping to not only give his sons a good start with the insurance money but also to prove, by way of a lavish funeral, that he was known and loved. No one attends but the family.

Style:

One of our articles pointed out that Arthur Miller took a break from his usual basis of realistic and well-crafted dialogue to create a more surreal work, and I remember thinking nothing but ‘why.’ One of the things that made The Crucible an amazing read was its ability to force people to relate to characters that had been dead for hundreds of years. Salesman is completely absent of that trait, which made it a much less enticing read, at least for me. There is a sense of defeatism about the whole play, and Willy Loman is a walking tone shift, able to take a stable moment and holler away any sanity he had, and any patience I had left with him. Although Miller definitely succeeded at creating a more modern style work, I would not necessarily deem it a good choice in the first place.

Since this is a drama and there is no narration, the most important considerations to make have to do with the staging and setting and other features unique to dramas, and the most important of those in this work is the ‘wall-less house.’ This aspect was completely lost in the movie, but having actors go through wall lines in the flashbacks to the past is a choice that sends a very clear indicator each time it happens. One thing that I noticed as right before the “Requiem” is all the characters exit through the wall line of the kitchen. This action alone places the entire end of the play outside the realm of reality, which serves to justify the dialogue of the Requiem itself, which basically serves as an entire section summarizing each character’s opinions as they had already been expressed.

The symbolism in Salesman is also essential to understanding the work. Even the background music given in the stage directions is an important consideration- each time a flute plays, for example, becomes relevant when it is revealed that Willy’s father sold flutes. When Willy gives his mistress in Boston a pair of stockings, Linda’s mending them in the next scene becomes all the more painful because they stand for sexual relationships and her femininity- both of which apparently need fixing in the Loman household. The seeds Willy plants near his end and the end of the play, in dirt that can’t keep grass alive, are not only symbolic of his desire to improve life for his sons, but also provide a clear signal that such a desire is doomed to failure.

As far as imagery goes, the lighting in Salesman is integral to understanding the work. The golden halo around Biff at the end of Act One, the harsh glare of the radiator Willy was considering as suicide, but most especially the shadows of buildings in the background representing the city and serving as the “forest on fire” that Willy refers to once or twice in his ravings. Shadows of leaves appear during flashbacks, reminding the audience of the calmer more natural setting that was once there, and at the end of the play the last things to be seen are the overhanging buildings, surrounding and trapping our main characters. The lighting, truly, is what sets the despondent tone of Salesman in stone.

Quotes:

Ben: “Why boys, when I was seventeen I walked into the jungle, and when I was twenty-one I walked out. And by God I was rich”

• This statement is essentially Willy’s goal for his two sons- semi instant prosperity and fulfillment. Interestingly enough, in the minds of both men, prosperity can only be reached by material wealth (Ben also likes to talk about diamonds that can be held and touched). The problem is, Willy has no idea how to achieve that goal himself, and his guesses prove to be completely wrong. The constant repetition of ‘the jungle’ also underscores an interesting commentary on the corporate world, and how it isn’t far separated from the more brutal jungle that Ben gained his success in.

Linda: “Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He’s not the finest character that ever lived. But he’s a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid.”

• Again, this line sets up money (alongside fame) as the only measures of human success, ignoring the more interpersonal levels that happiness can take. What it also does, though, as add a prayer for human dignity. Linda expresses Miller’s feelings about the common man, and how nobility can still be found in those who have not achieved success in the eyes of the world.

Charley: “Willy was a salesman. And for a salesman, there is no rock bottom to the life. . . He’s a man way out there in the blue, riding on a smile and a shoeshine. And when they start not smiling back—that’s an earthquake. And when you get yourself a couple of spots on your hat, and you’re finished. Nobody dast blame this man. A salesman is got to dream, boy.”

• Charley’s little rant at the end of the play essentially serves as the cliffs notes for those who weren’t paying attention the whole way through. He discusses the difference between tangible and intangible successes, and along the way, points out several themes of the play. Notably, he addresses the importance of outward appearance, something Willy always stressed above all else. He also talks about the assignment of blame, which no character in the play is comfortable assigning or taking on. Charley absolves Willy completely in this speech-, which is not to say that he should be agreed with.

Theme:

            Death of a Salesman serves as a warning that it is not always possible to fix what has been broken.

            The Loman family is undoubtedly broken. Willy’s suicidal and out of work, Happy is desperate for any kind of attention, Biff is essentially a hobo, and Linda favors mothering her husband over mothering her actual children. All of these problems have clearly defined causes, as the play slowly reveals, but the problem is always what to do about the problems.

            In some cases, the characters are reluctant to even admit that a problem exists. Willy is particularly guilty of this, even in the past ignoring heavy warnings about Biff’s truancy and inability to apply himself. Linda, too, refuses to acknowledge Willy’s suicide attempts as a serious issue. Instead, she enables him to keep that option open in a misguided attempt to save his dignity in lieu of his life. Biff, in fact, is the only character who consistently insists that there are problems, and tries over and over to bring them up for discussion.

            It is only in the second act, and only then after Biff makes his disastrous meeting with Bill Oliver clear, that Willy realizes that his life may not be what it was cracked up to be. He has many conversations with Ben about what to do to make Biff see who he truly is, but most notably, he purchases several packs of seeds. He plants these seeds in ground that cannot possibly grow them, in an attempt to justify his life. Everyone else, be they characters in the story or audience members watching can understand the futility of the gesture, but Willy persists.

            None of Willy’s attempts to fix the problems he himself created end up coming to fruition. His garden doesn’t grow. His funeral is barely attended. Biff doesn’t go into business with the insurance money provided by Willy’s death. Everything that Willy did was too little, too late, and in the end he failed to break the never ending cycle of failure that the Loman family is trapped in. 

Response to Course Materials 4- The Revenge

I still don't like death of a salesman. I read the actual play, watched the full movie, got to discuss and break down every symbol and pattern of meaning, and the creepy incestuous relationships, and I still don't like it. Generally, I think the whole class was on board with this particular vein of thought. You are free to like it if you so choose, but I can't bring myself to do it. When we read the articles, the one I agreed with most was the one about the incestuous relationships, simply because that author was as sick as I am already of the canonization of Willy Loman as some kind of saint when really, he's a deranged and unstable man who ruined his own life and the lives of those around him. What I was surprised by is how this whole experience has changed my opinion of Miller. I fell in love with The Crucible, but as I read Miller's comments on his own work, they struck me as incomplete and just generally a bit off. He obviously has a clear definition, for example, of a tragic hero, but I personally don't think that he created one in Willy. (Also- what kind of guy writes analytical essays about his own works? Seriously).

Even our discussions of Salesman were a little bit flat, at least to me. When we talked about The American Dream it was hard to get us to shut up, but I felt that we all just ran out of things to say. The play just saps the life out of the atmosphere around it, and doesn't invite discussion so much as it does silent personal reflection on just how awful life can be sometimes.

Also, while I can appreciate the leading themes that tie all our works together in a coherent structure, from American wealth grabbing and family issues to American wealth grabbing and family and tragedy to family issues and tragedy that we've now arrived at with Hamlet, reading two commentaries on the concept of the American Dream with very similar outlooks on its effectiveness is enough to drive anyone bonkers. There's something to be said about variety as much as there is to be said about consistency.

Still, we've moved on from 1950's America and rocketed ourselves back in time to Shakespeare's very own imagined Denmark and the political swamp that it entails. The whole lesson on tragedy was excellent to gain perspective, but I'm still finding it kind of hard to absorb it all into something that I can apply right off of the bat to get a picture of what Elizabethan audiences would be expecting or feeling at any given development. Because of this, I'm grateful that Ms. Holmes is taking time out every now and again to explain the nuances, because Shakespeare really doesn't make much sense any other way. I am also pretty desperate to figure out Ophelia and her motivations.

I'm not sure how pleased I am that we're reading it aloud, though. No offense meant to any of you reading this, of course- it's just that none of us are professional actors and Shakespeare is hard. And if it's read wrong, it doesn't make any sense. And if I have to keep looking down at footnotes and trying to follow along to someone else's pace, or fumbling my own lines whenever I talk, it just makes it very hard to conceptualize what's actually happening, and I'm fairly sure I'd get a better idea of Hamlet if we all just watched it and read along, but ah well. Participation is still fun.

I'm no Cinderella but I think I see a pattern here...

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/opinion/sunday/throw-out-the-rules-and-read-the-grimm-tales.html?ref=editorials

            One part book recommendation, one part reminiscence, and one part philosophic musings, Verlyn Klinkenborg’s article Throw Out the Rules! Read a Fairy Tale manages to avoid the inconsistency that would normally come with trying to do so much by being inconsistent on purpose. With jovial nods to other pieces of literature, fanciful figurative language, and a penchant for alliteration, Klinkenborg creates a light and enjoyable piece that perfectly suits the fairytales that he himself is discussing.

            Even in the opening paragraph, he comments on the seeming abilities of an enchanted prince, stating “This is not a truth universally acknowledged in our humdrum world” which is a paraphrased version of the opening line of Pride and Prejudice. In the next sentence, he’s left the Victorian era behind and is comparing the foreshadowing of the tale to that of Sophocles. Most notably, he directly contradicts himself while simultaneously referencing a contemporary author. He mentions that “It feels at times as though all these imaginative worlds will someday converge…” and in the next sentence insists that “Someday? Terry Pratchett has already done it.” Even in less specific references, Tolstoy, George R.R. Martin, Kierkegaard, and J.K. Rowling are all welcome comparisons drawn in this article. These references hop unperturbed around the literary time stream, detaching the article from any sense of severity or regulation, and giving it a whimsical sense that only a piece on fairy tales could excuse.

            Klinkenborg also uses similes to his advantage, crafting them carefully to suit the subject matter at hand. For example, rather than reading the fairy tales, he will have “absorbed them from the air around [him], where they abide like a haunting cultural mist.” The diction even within the simile is appropriate to the vague realm of fairy tales, with ‘haunting mists’ obscuring truth and setting the atmosphere. Also fitting with the fairy tale theme, some of his comparisons are far more whimsical, comparing fairy tale rules to “embroidered samplers you might find hanging in a witch’s kitchen.” Not only topical, but delightfully childish to consider. Even the feelings evoked by these expressions differ completely- one giving a sense of foreboding and one a chuckle, and again this perfectly emulates a fairy tale.

            Most notably, Klinkenborg uses heavy alliteration to keep his work playful and fresh. In discussing the prevalence of fantasy, Klinkenborg notes that “The Tolkein-tide shows no signs of subsiding, and if your taste runs to dragons, darkness and derring-do...” which alliterates Tolkien’s ‘t,’ the ‘s’ of signs, and the darting consonance of ‘dragons’ and so forth. This musical quality that he gives this phrase allows a narrative weight to settle on his own article. When discussing the original Grimm tales and the laws that govern them, he says that they “veer vertiginously,” using not only colorful alliteration but a choice of diction that perfectly encompasses both the Grimm tales and his own work- a dizzying switch between ideas and mood that still creates an enjoyable whole.

            This article shows a genuine sense of humor and a true thoughtful creativity that makes it almost as much a joy to read as the fairy tales it recommend. As a sales piece both for Phillip Pullman’s rewrite and the Grimm brothers’ original tale, it is effective and invaluable. By creatively weaving in narrative techniques usually reserved for the media he is recommending, he creates a sense of harmony in the world, along with a desire to whip out he nearest copy of Cinderella. 

My Type is Byronic, Can You Tell?

1979. Choose a complex and important character in a novel or a play of recognized literary merit who might on the basis of the character's actions alone be considered evil or immoral. In a well-organized essay, explain both how and why the full presentation of the character in the work makes us react more sympathetically than we otherwise might. Avoid plot summary.

            He lies. He coerced a young girl into becoming his bride, with a wife still living. He manipulates this girl, making her jealous by pretending to love another. He’s the only man this girl has ever known personally. He treats those that displease him with uniform scorn, he lived a life of debauchery for several years, and he has mood swings. Yet, because we see him through the eyes of a woman who loves him with all her heart, we cannot despise Mr. Rochester from Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre.

            By all rights, Rochester should be the villain of the tale. He seduces and coerces Jane into marrying him, ruining the stability of her life in the process. With that detail alone, he is a vicious debaucher. However, with Jane as a narrator, the reader gains a new perspective. Having Jane’s story from the beginning as a timid young girl, the positive changes that Mr. Rochester brings onto Jane are apparent. Even before their love is found to be mutual, Jane’s spirits heighten. She laughs more, is freer to speak, and no longer feels trapped as she was before at Lowood and Thornfield. Once they become engaged, Jane blooms. Rochester’s positive affects on Jane endear him to the audience.

            Jane is also very open with Rochester’s faults from the beginning. Even on their first meeting, when they were strangers in a lane, she noted his brusque nature. Rochester, for his part, is also frank with his faults to Jane. He tells her he has not lived as purely as he would have liked. This small honesty, despite how much it conceals, is still enough for him to earn a reader’s trust. Beyond even his admissions, though, Jane is perceptive enough to see that there is a dark secret somewhere in his past. She knows about Celine Varens, even, and yet as a narrator she only expresses the desire to delve deeper into Rochester’s past. She makes him appear desirable through her own desire. In Jane’s eyes, even his faults and foibles are mere ‘seasonings’ that make him more appealing.

            All of the hinting and secrets lead up to the large reveal of Bertha mason at Jane’s would-be wedding, and Rochester tells Jane his story, from his marriage to his meeting of her. By then, the reader has felt Jane’s grieving, and is emotionally connected to her, so Jane’s pain for Rochester’s past also carries over. Jane doesn’t blame or fault him so neither does the audience. Rather than anger at a treacherous man, Jane creates a picture of desolation – two people with the world against them, which invites sympathy for both rather than ire for one.

            The most obvious reason for this is, of course, that Rochester is Jane’s soul mate, and a romance doesn’t work if one half of the couple is despicable. However, the sympathetic portrayal given to Rochester also represents the shedding of traditional dealings with those who do wrong. If Jane, with her ethics carved into her heart, can forgive this sinning deceitful man, can still love him entirely, then why should anyone else not be able to? Jane Eyre is a character with the ability to love the sinner and hate the sin, the same doctrine that Helen Burns gave her so long ago. Being put in her shoes invites sympathy for sinners as a whole. Rochester isn’t inherently evil to Jane, he is a man that circumstances have worked against. Jane Eyre casts sinners as victims, which challenges the entire morality of the time period.

            Of course, Jane Eyre is first and foremost a love story, but it is also a cry for acceptance, change, and for people to remember what true goodness really is. Jane herself is the perfect example, loving Rochester for all his flaws. Bronte begs for a more forgiving society in her novel, and redefines love to allow for it.

            

Response to Course Materials 3- The Reckoning

Going by the state of my notes, a lot of these past couple of weeks has been a lot of talking.

I have to say, though, the in-class discussions we had over The American Dream were some of the best I've had in my entire life. Nothing is worse than a discussion that is more awkward silence than it is talking, and nothing is better than one where everyone chips in a bit. I always find that it's easier to figure out what the heck an author is talking about if you can bounce ideas off of people, and it's nice to have so many people to bounce ideas off of. Truthfully, we came to some mind blowing conclusions (The leaking johnny is their dead kid! Mommy's hitting on her adopted son! Daddy doesn't realize Mrs. Barker exists! &c). I'm still reeling. I'm still not sure, though, that I would call The American Dream a comedy, though. It might have comic elements, but they're not trying to make anyone laugh.

Then we did a lot with the "objective" half of the AP test, as opposed to the essaying half. I can't say that they're any easier for me than an essay will be. Sure, the essay prompts might be completely impenetrable and layered with triple meanings, but subjective tone questions and pick definitions, it seems, will always come back to bite me in the butt. Looking at how the test is scored, however, was a bit of a relief. Regardless of the few questions I consistently get wrong, with a good enough essay grade, I can still safely get a 4 or a 5. Writing our own questions was a bit of an experience--as hard as it is to answer someone else's bizarrely crafted question, trying to come up with one yourself that still has a clear answer about a poem that (while it was incredibly good) you aren't entirely clear on, is just as hard, if not worse. I can't even blame the other group for getting questions wrong, because our group didn't even agree on the answer that we should make correct.

I still disagree with the sheer existence of an objective literary test, but at least now I can sympathize a little with the poor jerks who have to write the questions for it.

Death of a Salesman came next, and then I went to Stratford, and then I stayed home a day, and then I saw the end. It made discussion on Wednesday just a little bit difficult. Somehow, I ended up with the impression that Willy had sold his soul to Ben, and died to give his family what he thought they needed. I watched the movie on Thursday, and, to tell the truth, I really disliked it. I've read Arthur Miller before, and I've seen two different versions of The Crucible. I love The Crucible. I love John Proctor and I love Abigail and Mary and I love the story and I love how angry it makes me. I don't understand how the same man could write such diametrically different sets of characters. What makes The Crucible for me are the characters, and how real they feel. Death of a Salesman is totally lacking in that. I don't like anyone in it, and I don't think they have any redeeming qualities. There are a few things in them that pull out bits of sympathy, but I also think that most of the suffering they all go through was brought about by their own hands, so I can't feel anything but disdain and a vague pity. To be fair, this is my opinion before we discuss it in class. Maybe I'll discover hidden depths to Biff or to Willy or to someone that will make me appreciate their character, but as-is, no one in the play has redeemed themselves.

Interestingly enough, this play is going to be harder to analyze, I think, than The American Dream. While none of the dialogue of American Dream makes sense in and of itself, it's much easier to sense narrative patterns when one doesn't have to consider what the playwright is doing to make their characters believable. Absurdism might look difficult from afar, but really what it does is strip down a piece to its basic components, without believability getting in the way. Death of a Salesman, on the other hand, is not only trying to prove points and be literary, but to create a family and characters and a world that audience members feel is real and genuine. Now, personally, I don't think it does a terribly good job of it, but it's still trying, which adds a whole new layer to any given analysis.

The American Dream! Damn it!

Summary:
The American Dream is a play of character introductions. It begins with Mommy and Daddy discussing banalities in their average looking living room and waiting for the arrival of a mysterious 'they'. Mommy gets sidetracked in a story about materialism, and then Grandma appears, carting a large number of mysterious boxes. Grandma rants about the state of the world, about being old, and about Mommy when she was young. Then there is a knock at the door, and who should it be but Mrs. Barker, the 'they' (yes, plural) that Mommy and Daddy were awaiting. However, none of the three of them know exactly what Mrs. Barker is meant to do there. Grandma knows, but she is constantly being interrupted and corrected- or misunderstood in the case of Mrs. Barker who was not working at anywhere 'very much like' an adoption agency. It isn't until the final character introduction, to the American Dream himself (otherwise known as the Young Man) that the backstory shapes itself completely, the conflict is discovered, and the conflict is resolved. Long ago, Mommy and Daddy adopted one of a pair of twins, and mutilated it because of its natural urges. Now, the other twin appears, physically perfect but bereft of all human emotion- the perfect child that Mommy and Daddy tried to create. Grandma, even as she departs, arranges everything so that everyone else is satisfied. At least, they think they are.

Style:
Albee uses absurdism to get his point across in this particular play, with massive circular conversations, an even larger narrative circle, meaninglessness of dialogue. No one knows or cares what anyone else is saying as long as the tone is right, and Mommy is particularly guilty of shifting topics each time the conversation threatens to get too emotional. The play as a whole, however, cannot be absurdist, because by definition absurdist plays have no message or meaning. Albee clearly communicates his ideas on the consumerism, materialism, and 'deformity' (conformity) of the 50's and 60's, marrying the best of both the absurdist and more traditional worlds of screenplays.

The key to unlocking this particular play seems to be repetition. Sometimes dialogue will be carried over from pages ago, only to be brought back again. This doesn't just emphasize the absurdist format of the play, but it draws attention to the dialogue itself. Why does Mrs. Barker's cream hat come back, after it was beige when Mommy bought it, and wheat on the street outside? To remind the reader about the two women's relationship with each other. Why does Mommy directly contradict one of her earlier statements ('you can't get satisfaction') with 'Who says you can't get satisfaction?' at the end? To remind the reader what the play is about- the quest for satisfaction and the meaninglessness that follows it wherever it may go. Why do Grandma's perfectly wrapped boxes keep coming up? To remind the reader of Grandma's character- her boxes were always full, despite what everyone thought due to their exterior.

Grandma's character is the most sympathetic to audiences, and one of the subplots of The American Dream is her departure from the apartment/her death. She starts out by packing, taking every memory she can manage, then declares The American Dream to be the 'van man' to take her away. Once she has left the apartment and at least metaphorically died, she closes the play by shattering the fourth wall into a thousand pieces, saying that "that just about wraps it up" (emphasis mine, because I just realized that this connects to the boxes that Grandma also wraps so prettily).

Albee emphasizes the points he makes by creating a very shallow work. Giving Mommy the flibbertigibbet about 45% of the lines, he ensures that the dialogue will be stuttering, stilted, and emotionally detached. Mommy bickers with Daddy, with Grandma, with Mrs. Barker, without any real ire, she cries without real pain, and she's more than eager to distract herself from anything that would give her any depth of emotion. Even when Mommy is absent, the dialogue is as hollow as the characters themselves are meant to seem, except, of course, for the Young Man. Ironically enough, the character who professes himself unable to feel give the most poignant speech in the show as he talks to Grandma and describes the emotional aspects of Mommy and Daddy's mutilation of his twin. This puts the Young Man at the emotional center of the play, with no one else coming close to his level of participation and sympathy. Even Grandma is a caricature in comparison. With this contrast of character, between the Young Man and everyone else, Albee creates a much more effective picture than vapidity would have alone, because the Young Man is clearly desperate to feel, and surrounded by people who are quite the opposite.

Theme:

• Edward Albee's play The American Dream discusses the cheapening of ideals as they are passed down through generations. 

Grandma is the oldest person in this play. Mommy, Daddy, and Mrs. Barker are all of the next generation, and the Young Man and his deceased twin make up the third. The thing to consider here is the whole story surrounding Grandma's boxes. First, we see Grandma carrying them all downstairs in the present time, but then we are sent back to Grandma's heyday when Mommy was a child. They were poor, and Grandma would pack beautiful lunch boxes, that were full of good food. Mommy would pretend they were empty, refuse to open them, and eat everyone else's lunch, and Grandma would get the food back. Despite the fact that the boxes were full, the reader fully expects them to be empty, and so does Daddy. A full box, that is beautifully wrapped, implies something that is just as substantial as it is lovely. The box that Daddy expects is all form and no function. The same idea of functionless form is carried over into the Young Man, an attractive man, who cannot love or feel- and ends up being ideal for Mommy and Daddy.

The middling generation, however, is not as adept at existing as empty boxes, however. Mrs. Barker succeeds the most at this particular goal, becoming a 'they' in her quest to do everything and become the perfect person. She so has many faces, from a 'professional woman' to bring them satisfaction in the dirty sense, to the chairman of the women's club and a respectable upper-class lady, that none of them really suit and she becomes a wall of different personas, with nothing of substance to support her own personality. Mommy and Daddy, however, can't manage such a feat. They try, certainly. Mommy never keeps her mind in one place for long, but the sheer fact that she needs to change the subject so often implies that there are feelings of discomfort beneath it all. She even cries when she discovers Grandma is gone. Daddy, of course, has been demasculated and is considered useless except for his money by Mommy. He attempts, though, to convey his misgivings about things, or his dislike of a course of events, which gives him an opinion and a character, weak as they may be. His thoughts are easily swept out of the way of Mommy's rants and schemes. 

Quotes:

1. Grandma: "The American Dream! The American Dream, damn it!"
• This quote makes more sense out of context than it does inside it, truthfully. Grandma hollers this to Mommy when Mommy asks who is in the apartment with Grandma. It is a true statement, but it is also a nuanced one. It expresses immeasurable frustration with the idea of the American Dream, 'damning' it, obviously, but it also indicates Grandma's personal feelings towards her situation as a whole. She knows that this American Dream is going to replace her, and even with the sympathy she feels for him, she can't help but be distraught at her own predicament.
2. Grandma: "Well for the last straw, it finally up and died; and you can imagine how that made them feel, their having paid for it and all."
• This expresses not only the cry against commodification that echoes through the play, but reemphasizes several characteristics of the narration as a whole. The baby's death and Mommy and Daddy's feeling, whatever it may have been, about it is expressed in financial terms. They paid for it, they must mourn its absence because of the investment that it represented. It's also a continuation of the pattern of announcing feelings, rather than expressing them indirectly. We aren't even told how it makes them feel, just that it made them feel something, presumably unpleasant. Aside from the mutilation of a child discussed directly before this quote, it dehumanizes Mommy and Daddy to describe them this way.
3. Daddy: "Because it was empty." Mommy: "Oh no. Grandma always filled it up; because she never ate the dinner she cooked the night before. . ."

• I've mentioned the relevance of this before, but Grandma's boxes are always full. Grandma always provides, even when she must do without, and this quote shows that even though they fight constantly now, Grandma and Mommy looked after each other in the past, and had a very close mother/daughter relationship. Grandma went without food at night, but Mommy always made sure to bring it back. It adds complexity to a relationship that is otherwise based off of only mutual disdain. It also showcases the materialistic natures of Mommy and Daddy, as well as the pessimism inherent in their generation, since Daddy expects the box to be empty. 

On the Corner of Snark St. and Science Boulevard

Madness ensues:

The G.O.P.'s Feminine Mystique 
Article here!

            Samantha Bee is a correspondent for The Daily Show, a liberal-leaning show on Comedy Central that dissects and mocks the mainstream media. However, in her article The G.O.P.’s Feminine Mystique, she shows no particular ire for the G.O.P. itself. Instead, she uses a clever blend of nonsensical asides, a disdainful tone, and a blend of snark with honest and clear criticisms to highlight the faults of a study performed by U.C.L.A grad students.

            The study, as she says, “determined that the women of the Grand Old Party have more feminine faces than those of their female Democratic colleagues” by way of random images first rated for their femininity, and then presented to college students who determined the political party of each face. Faces that were more typically feminine were rated to be more conservative.

            Bee’s reaction to this study is as hilarious as it is opinionated. She begins her entire article with two leading questions- “Did you know that science can teach you all sorts of amazing things about how the world works…” and “Did you know that it can also teach you things you never wanted to know and now not-so-secretly wish you didn’t?” Right off the bat, her opinion is made clear; that science can do incredible things, but that incredible can have two separate meanings. Following her explanation of the study, she mentions the name for the effect (“the ‘Michele Bachmann Effect’”) and proceeds to go on a long-winded tirade, ending in her living in “monkish isolation on a mountaintop,” about how she feels when hearing ridiculous things. This exaggeration, given in such close proximity to a conclusion from the study itself, heavily implies that the study itself is one of those selfsame ridiculous things. Her far more interesting aside, however, directly insults the scientific integrity of the study. She describes her own haphazard shoe counting at the Democratic National Convention as “the type of research done after three days of being yelled at…with only a steady diet of Coke Zero and SunChips to keep you upright.” By all rights, the U.C.L.A. study which “contains measurable scientific data collected by actual professional scientists” that she describes should have markedly different results than her own foray- but it doesn’t.

            With that critique of U.C.L.A.’s scientific integrity squarely tucked away, Bee takes on the tone of a much smarter, more worldly mentor despairing at the banality of the world at large, and the study in particular. In her second paragraph, as she explains the purpose and method, she not only expresses a disdain for the G.O.P. by spelling out “Grand Old Party,” but she chooses to add that the undergraduates who were selecting the faces were doing so “in exchange for course credit.” This casts a very greedy, banal mindset over the whole study, and implies that it wasn’t carried out half-heartedly for personal gain, rather than objectively. She also uses several well-known platitudes, saying first that “if the sensible shoe fits…” and mentioning that the scientists behind it have “basically given us the green light to go ahead and judge a book by its cover.” This is the essence of her complaint, but it also hints that the conclusions that could be reached by the data are childish and basic- much like the statement itself. Her superior tone only continues at the end of the paragraph, asking “…why would that stop anyone from conflating gender typicality with sex appeal?” and answering her own question with “The answer is ha ha, of course it wouldn’t, but I adore your innocence.” She is talking down, of course, but she does it in a way that doesn’t feel condescending to the reader in particular.

            Her most effective technique is the juxtaposition she offers between her comedic statements and her legitimate criticisms. One always follows another, and the contrast is often more effective than either would have been on their own. The whole piece takes on a structure of joke-criticism-joke-criticism. For example, she goes into a serious discussion of how the study suggests that a key factor in the “presence of a female politician on a national stage can be dependent on something as random as the placement of her eyebrows?” is immediately followed by the idea that the whole study is so “unforgivably retro” that “…once I finished reading the study I’m pretty sure 1970s Burt Reynolds reached across the passenger seat of his Trans Am to give me a wink and a boob honk.” She puts her worries about political objectification of a woman’s attractiveness in direct and honest comparison to an impossible comedic scenario- and in doing so, insinuates that the two aren’t as different as they initially appear. This structuring of her piece also manages to hide her working thesis for five paragraphs, but it does not diminish its effectiveness. The reader is forced to think through the entire opening scenarios she presents, and extrapolate her final argument. It keeps the editorial engaging, because the path she leads the reader on is clear enough to follow, but twisted enough so that her conclusions are at least a new thought in the series.

            In her article, Samatha Bee does what she is paid to do on The Daily Show- point out the flaws in something in a comedic way. It is her ability to sneak up on a reader with her point that makes her article unique. 

B-b-b-bird Bird Bird, Bird is the Word

1984. Select a line or so of poetry, or a moment or scene in a novel, epic poem, or play that you find especially memorable. Write an essay in which you identify the line or the passage, explain its relationship to the work in which it is found, and analyze the reasons for its effectiveness.

            Speaking from experience, it is incredibly easy to forget things. Names, faces, birthdays, mathematical formulas, atomic numbers, phone numbers, and appointment times are all things that slip through the cracks in the human mind. It is far more interesting to consider what makes things stick, and how people remember things. In general, for something to be memorable, it needs to hold emotional weight or personal relevance. The brain doesn’t hold on to details it finds unimportant, no matter how much easier life would be. Storage space is limited, so when a line from a work sticks in deeply, it must be highly relevant. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has worked its way into the memory of Western culture, but the lines exchanged between the two lovers as Romeo departs after wooing Juliet on her balcony are especially memorable because they serve not only to characterize the pair, but also to heavily foreshadow their fate.

            The average person could probably recite ‘parting is such sweet sorrow…’ but in this case, the lines directly preceding it are far more interesting:

ROMEO: I would I were thy bird

JULIET:             Sweet, so would I.

Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing.

They are exchanged at an emotionally weighted moment. Juliet and Romeo have just declared their love for each other, and as Juliet is constantly interrupted and fluttering back and forth, their farewell is extended for quite some time. The audience softens to the lovers as they exchange passionate words of love and devotion, but these words also do much to establish their eventual doom, as well as the reasons that doom is inevitable.

            First and foremost, the phrase ‘kill thee with much cherishing’ is a massive clue that everything will not go smoothly for our star-crossed lovers. It is grim language for a thirteen year old girl, and highly introspective at that. Having just agreed to marry him, Juliet suddenly expresses fear that she would love him so much, as a spoiled child loves its pet bird, that she would kill him because of it. They are also her parting words to him- a warning- that he should not trust her, or that her emotions will come to be too strong. Romeo answers, to nobody, a wish for her to sleep and be at peace, which is eerily reminiscent of his own ultimate fate when Juliet’s fake sleep takes on the appearance of death (or, eternal peace) and leads him to his death so as to join her in it- another sentiment expressed in this grim farewell.

            Romeo’s tendency to variance and mood swings has already been established by the time this scene arrives, but this scene is still an instrumental indicator that he is far too headstrong for his own good. Having met and kissed Juliet once previously, he sneaks in to his enemy’s territory, and proposes to marry her, professing his undying love. However, the fashion in which he does it says much about who he is- for example, swearing his love on the moon, which (as Juliet is quick to point out) is ever changing, and often used as an excuse for reckless and crazy behavior. He also shows a slavish devotion to Juliet, throwing himself totally at her feet, notably expressed by his wish to be her pet bird, completely on her string and ruled by her entirely. The balcony scene paints Romeo for what he is- a young boy who is completely ruled by his emotions. He is ruled not only by his own whims, but by those of his lady-love, coming at her call and vowing to stay until she dismisses him.

            Juliet, for her part, is established as the more practical one, demanding that Romeo ‘swear not by the moon’ and worrying that she will seem too forward and he will loose his interest in her because she will not play games with him. She is also the one, in the end, to suggest he marry her if his love is true and faithful- ensuring her own security. Sadly, she falls to Romeo’s charms and turns to his whimsy, her initial fears of everything being too sudden transforming into a proposal of marriage and the same silver tongued adulation that Romeo uses so often. Juliet’s practicality could partially be explained by the location of this exchange. If she is caught with a man in her room, with her at night unchaperoned, the consequences for her would be devastating. While Romeo is unbothered by the risk, Juliet does much of the concealing, and more worrying than Romeo ever had. It is she, after all, who delivers the death stroke of foreshadowing “I should kill thee with much cherishing.” With that line alone, she reveals her own introspective abilities, and a clearer eye to the future than Romeo.

            Of course, from the beginning of the narrator’s introduction to ‘fair Verona’ the audience knows the fate of Romeo and Juliet, but there are still clues sprinkled throughout the play that the pair is doomed. Without those intermittent hints, the play would not have survived as a piece of literature, because it would have bored audiences to tears. A fated death is tragic, but one in which the reasons are evident is also interesting and memorable. While Shakespeare could have left all of the explanation and subtle reasoning out of his play, and attributed it all to fate, he was wise enough to see that clever characterization and beautiful language would also be necessary to make not only the balcony scene, but Romeo and Juliet as a whole, worthy of remembrance. 

Course Materials 2- Electric Bogaloo

A lot of what I remember from the days after the last course materials response is a blur of handouts that were frantically annotated and bickered over. I'm not sure mine were even legible, but I constantly found myself moving out of DIDLS and instead going towards conclusions, or I'd find something notable that I wasn't sure where to place. Where did alliteration go, exactly, or the other poetic devices in the DIDLS frame? How about color symbolism- details, maybe? DIDLS themselves are clear enough, but there are things that work beyond and outside the frame of diction-imagery-details-language-syntax that I'm not sure what to do with. I know they're relevant and I have comments to make on them. Regardless of that particular headache, I found myself with fascinating insights into different works. Two of them I had read and one that I haven't but now want to. I know for a fact that, had I not tried to purge my mind of past influences, I never would have thought that Alice was dying as she fell down the tunnel, but think about it. "Light at the end of the tunnel" sound familiar? I found that dialogue was harder to pull apart than narration, because it's too easy to imagine it simply as part of a character or as a forwarder of the action and completely gloss over it, which made Little Women patently difficult. It was unfortunate, though, that I missed the day we covered syntax, because I have a feeling it would have been difficult for me anyways. On the long, long list of things I don't pay attention to when I read, sentence structure is right at the top, and I have no reference for what it means to a work that it is 'subject verb object' or vice versa or some oddball combination of the three. I suppose I'll just have to feel it through based on what feels odd or noticeable. In general, if I could just read text excerpts and bicker about their meaning for the rest of the year, I'd be completely happy.

Then, at least according to my notes, we moved on to literary theory, which I found absolutely fascinating because I am a geek. By and large I walked out of it with a bit of a crush on Aristotle, and from there it was largely a rehash of things we'd gone over in Brit Lit previously, and AP World before that (at least with regards to the Dark Ages, Renaissance  and the age of reason (although we didn't go very far into that)). I hope I wont' be called upon to name specific authors from each period, though, because boy howdy are there a lot of them. I can pick out the notable ones, ranging from Beowulf's nameless author to Dante to Shakespeare to Blake and on and on and on. Funnily enough, the stuff about the earliest theory (Plato) and the newest postmodern stuff was really the only new information. None of my lit classes previously ever talked about a simulacrum idea of the world, or about Plato's cave, which I found fascinating, if a little harsh to authors. Thus, the crush on Aristotle. I found myself agreeing with a lot of Postmodernist thought, which is hardly surprising, considering we're living within it- although I am skeptical of a generation's ability to name the period they're living in. Let my great-great-grandkids decide whether postmodernism even exists; history written as it happens is hardly accurate and unbiased.

Critical lenses, by and large, were a review. Since I took both Am Lit and Brit Lit, I had already been drilled into the ideas, although I can definitely say that this particular mode of information transport was definitely new, but not necessarily in a bad way. Seeing the lenses actually applied to the same subject (even if it was just a urinal) was very helpful in comparing them and seeing what the real differences were between them. The two new ones were very closely related- postcolonial and Literary Darwinism. Thank god for last minute crash courses, because I had Literary Darwinism totally backwards from what it actually is- rather than the culture with the strongest literature being the ones remembered, I thought it was the dominant culture's affect on the literature- which is actually postcolonialism! Confusing stuff! I think it would have been better to go over these in class, but I understand that time was of the essence.

Speaking of massive time-sinks, the allusions presentations were absolutely bafflingly long. Luckily, they were all engaging. As a child, I had a big yellow book of greek myths that I read until the cover fell off, so a lot of the stories were review- but a lot of them weren't. And yes, sometimes it hurt me to have things confused or fumbled or mixed up, but I learned a lot of stories that I hadn't had the full background to- especially the backstory to the Trojan War. Who knew it all started because of a cranky goddess? That's what I truly love about Greek myths- there's an overarching story of a war in Troy, but there are a million other stories that all happen concurrently. Odysseus  Philoctetes, Circe, all work within that story, but they each have a story of their own. Greek myths are an immense stretching entity that weaves itself over history so cleverly that I can't help but appreciate it. The Bible had a lot more new territory- although more of it was familiar than I thought originally. Also, please please please know that the people of God are the IsraelITES not the IsraelIS. One is correct now, one is correct biblically. I know that giving my presentation was fun, although I always forget how nervewracking presentations are until I'm up there and no one is giving any feedback because everyone is taking notes at the speed of sound.

I have to admit to being that guilty good kid who dishonored her family when we didn't have enough copies of The American Dream to start reading on time. I also have to admit to kind of loathing the beginning, as I suspected I would dislike the Theater of the Absurd when we read the article about it claiming that previous literary movements had somehow had aspects of the Absurd as opposed to the other way around. All that aside, the first part of it is awkward to read through, seemingly empty, and essentially perfectly in keeping with the style of Theater of the Absurd. It was only after we moved on from that, as the article we read afterwards suggested, that the play got really good. While I'd contest him on Mommy being 'eager to get rid of grandma' or 'vicious and emptyheaded' (at least, not entirely) the author of the article had a lot of solid, salient points- most of which I had already picked up on, at least in part. What I'm wondering now, and what I was wondering as I read it, is what other meanings are to be found beyond the obvious and apparent. That's always where the real analytical gold is; hiding behind the overarching obvious point. There are subtle little things hiding in there, and I hope we get to them in class, because otherwise we're doing ourselves an intellectual disservice.